INTRODUCTION:

The use of raw materials of natural origin in pharmaceutical technology is very important, since existing compounds made on the basis of synthetic drugs have many unpleasant side effects, because of them the disadvantages are also huge: impaired function of the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, dyspepsia, ulcerogenic effect), hematological changes (hemorrhage, agranulocytosis, anemia, methemoglobinemia) allergic reactions.

The flora of the Republic of Kazakhstan is very rich in medicinal plants. Despite the fact that there are very few registered medicinal forms of plant origin in the register of medicines of the Republic of Kazakhstan and our country is rich in stocks of medicinal plant raw materials, the lack of domestic products is a cause for concern. In this regard, pharmacognostic research of plant raw materials and the development of a low-toxic drug with a wide spectrum of action on its basis is considered an important issue ^1-9.

More than 500 endemic plants have been registered in our country, but photochemistry is known only for a few dozen, and only a few are used as medicines. For this reason, the study of domestic plant raw materials and the development of safe broad-spectrum drugs is an important task. Despite the abundant supplies of medicinal plant raw materials, the lack of local medicines is a cause for concern. The development of safe herbal medicines is considered a priority task to provide the population with effective and safe medicines ^10-14.

As a result of a literary review and review of documents, it was established that the plant elderberry (Inula helenium L.) is a promising source of raw materials for obtaining phytopreparations of a wide spectrum of action. Rhizomes and roots of Inula helenium L. they contain inulin (up to 44%) and other polysaccharides, bitter substances, essential oil (up to 4.5%), saponins, resins, mucus, a small amount of alkaloids, gelin, phenolic acids (gal,2-hydroxybenzoy, chlorgen, neochlorgen, coffee, p-coumarin, ferul,3,4-hydroxybenzoic, vanilla, cinnamic acids), flavanoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myrcetin, catechin, epicatechin). One of the tasks of pharmaceuticals is to study medicinal plant raw materials and determine the prospects for creating new medicines based on them. In order to develop the technology for obtaining the extract and the most effective extraction process, the following quality parameters of medicinal plant raw materials of high-grade elecampane (Inula helenium L.) were determined: specific gravity, bulk mass, bulk mass, porosity, porosity, free volume of the raw material layer, extractant absorption coefficients.

THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

To determine the numerical parameters and technological parameters of medicinal plant raw materials, such as: specific gravity, bulk mass, bulk mass, porosity, porosity, free volume of the raw material layer, extractant absorption coefficients. To select the optimal technology for plant extracts and other medicinal products from plant raw materials, the study of technological parameters and the determination of the content of extractive substances is a very important task.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The object of our study is the aboveground part of the plant of the elecampane (Inula helenium L.) (Fig. 1), collected in September after fruit ripening, on the territory of the Tole bi district, which is located in the Turkestan region. The collection of raw materials was carried out manually in dry weather, avoiding the ingress of foreign impurities. The raw materials were pre-dried by air-shade method on special racks with frames covered with metal mesh and crushed. The degree of grinding was 1-3 mm.

Research on the determination of technological parameters and numerical indicators of the quality of vegetable raw materials

Fig. 1: The aboveground part of the plant elecampane (Inula helenium L.)

Studies to determine the technological parameters and numerical indicators of the quality of plant raw materials of high-grade elecampane (Inula helenium L.) were carried out in the laboratory of Chemistry and Pharmacognosy of the School of Pharmacy of Karaganda Medical University. The determination of mass loss during drying, total ash and insoluble hydrochloric acid ash, the content of mineral and organic impurities was carried out in accordance with the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan ¹⁵.

One of the most important indicators of the quality of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations is the "Shredding" indicator, which characterizes the particle size in medicinal plant raw materials. The amount of biologically active substances transferred to the extraction preparation (for example, aqueous extraction, extract, tincture) depends on the degree of grinding of medicinal plant raw materials ^{16, 17}.

To determine the average particle size, a sieve analysis of raw materials was performed, according to the results of which the weighted average diameter (d) (particle size) was calculated according to the formula, mm:

d= a1-d1/100

where a1 is the content of each fraction, %; d1 is the average particle size of each fraction, mm ¹⁸.

To determine the specific gravity of about 5.0 g (exact weight) of dry raw materials, they were placed in a 100 ml pycnometer, and the raw materials were filled with 2/3 volume purified water and kept for 2 hours in a boiling water bath. Then the flask was cooled to room temperature and brought to 50 ml with purified water.

A flask with vegetable raw materials and purified water was weighed. The mass of the flask with water was determined beforehand. The specific gravity (dn) was calculated using the formula, g/cm³:

w= P*dj/W+P-A,

where P is the mass of absolutely dry vegetable raw materials (g);

G is the mass of the pycnometer filled with water (g);

F is the mass of the pycnometer filled with water and raw materials (g); dj is the specific gravity of water (g/cm3) (dj=0.9982, g/cm³) ¹⁹.

Bulk weight (dn) shows the ratio of the mass of crushed raw materials at natural humidity to the total volume occupied by the raw material. To determine it, crushed raw materials were placed in a measuring cylinder and shaken slightly, then the full volume of the raw material was measured and weighed. The bulk weight (dn, g/cm3) was determined by the formula:

dh=Ph/Vh,

where Ph is the mass of crushed raw materials measured at a certain humidity (g);

Vn is the volume occupied by the raw material (cm³) ¹⁵.

To determine the volumetric mass of about 10.0 g (exact weight) of vegetable raw materials, they were quickly placed in a measuring cylinder with purified water and the volume was determined. The volume occupied by the raw material was measured by the difference in the measuring cylinder. The volumetric mass (g/cm³) was calculated using the following formula:

do = Po/Vo,

where Po is the mass of crushed raw materials when measured under conditions with a certain humidity (g);

Vo is the volume occupied by vegetable raw materials (cm³) ^18-20.

The porosity of the raw material (Ps) is the amount of voids between pieces of crushed plant material and it is defined as the ratio of the difference between the bulk mass and bulk mass to the bulk mass:

Ps=do-dn/do,

where do is the bulk mass of raw materials (g/cm³), dn is the bulk mass of raw materials (g/cm³).

The porosity of the raw material (Ps) is characterized by the size of the internal free space of the raw material particle and is defined as the ratio between the specific gravity and the total density of the raw material to its specific gravity. Porosity (Ps) was distributed according to the formula:

Pc =dv -d0 /dv

The free volume of the raw material layer (V) is the relative volume of voids per unit of the raw material layer, and is defined as the ratio of the difference between specific gravity and bulk weight to specific gravity. The formula for calculating the free volume of the raw material layer:

V=dy-dh/dy,

where dy is the specific mass of raw materials (g/cm³), dh is the bulk mass of raw materials (g/cm³).

The extractant absorption coefficient (X) is the amount of solvent that filled the intercellular pores, vacuoles, and air cavities in the raw material and was not extracted from the meal.

About 5.0 g of crushed raw materials, weighted to an accuracy of ± 0.01 g, were placed in a measuring cylinder and poured with an extractant (water and ethanol 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%) in such a way that the raw material was completely covered and left for several hours. The raw materials were then filtered through a paper filter. The filtrate was placed in another measuring cylinder and its volume was fixed ^21-29.

The formula for calculating the extractant absorption coefficients (X, ml/g):

X=(V-V1)/P,

where V is the volume of the extractant filling the raw material (ml);

V1 is the volume of the extractant remaining after absorption of the extractant by the raw material (ml);

P is the mass of crushed raw materials (g).

The content of extractive substances (X). Extractive substances were extracted from the raw material with purified water and 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% with ethyl alcohol. About 1.0 g (exact weight) of raw materials sifted through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 1 mm were placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 ml, 50 ml of solvent was added, the flask was closed with a stopper, weighed (with an accuracy of 0.01 g) and left for one hour. Then the flask was connected to a reverse refrigerator, heated in a water bath for 2 hours. After cooling, the flask was weighed again, closed in advance with the same stopper, and the loss in mass was filled with a solvent. The contents of the flask were shaken and filtered through a dry paper filter into a dry flask with a capacity of 200 ml. 25 ml of filtrate was pipetted into a pre-dried at a temperature of 100-105° C to a constant weight and accurately weighted porcelain cup with a diameter of 7-9 cm and evaporated in a water bath to dry. The cup with the remainder was dried at a temperature of 100-105° C to a constant weight, then cooled for 30 minutes in a desiccator with anhydrous calcium chloride and weighed. The content of extractive substances (X, %) in terms of absolutely dry raw materials was calculated using the formula:

M*200*100

X= ---------------------

mi *(100-W)

Table 1: Numerical indicators of the quality of raw materials Inula helenium L.

No.	Name of indicators, %	Standards for ND, %	Actual results, %
1	Weight loss during drying	no more than 12 %	6,5±0,02
2	Mass fraction of total ash	no more than 12 %	8,4±0,01
3	The content of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid	no more than 3 %	0,72±0,01
4	Mineral impurities	no more than 1 %	0,6±0,02
5	Organic impurities	no more than 1 %	0,5±0,02

Table 2: Technological parameters of Inula helenium L. raw materials

No.	Technological parameters	Actual results, g/cm³
	Shredding, mm	1-3
1	Specific gravity (du), g/cm³	0,86±0,03
2	bulk weight, (dn), g/cm³	0,3±0,05
3	Volume weight (do), g/cm³	0,75±0,05
4	Porosity (Ps)	0,13±0,03
5	Porosity (Ps)	0,6±0,02
6	Free volume of the raw material layer (V)	0,65±0,03

Table 3: Extractant absorption coefficients and extractive substances content

Extractant absorption coefficients, ml/g
Purified water	30 % ethanol	50 % ethanol	70% ethanol	90 % ethanol
5,13±0,12	4,11±0,09	3,89±0,17	3,55±0,13	2,71±0,07
The content of extractive substances, %
Purified water	30 % ethanol	50 % ethanol	70% ethanol	90 % ethanol
28,02	19,8	20,3	28,5	28,1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Studies of numerical indicators and technological parameters of Inula helenium L. raw materials are shown in Tables 1 - 3.

CONCLUSIONS:

According to the results of experimental work, the highest yield of extractives is observed when extracted with purified water and 70% ethanol. To develop the optimal technology for obtaining the extract and the efficiency of the extraction process from raw materials – roots and rhizomes of high-grade elecampane, the following were established: grind – 1-3 mm; specific gravity – 0.86 g/cm³; bulk weight – 0.3 g/cm³; bulk weight - 0.75 g/cm³; porosity – 0.13 g/cm³; porosity – 0.6 g/cm³; free layer volume – 0.65 g/cm³; extractant absorption coefficient: water – 5.13 ml/g; 30% ethanol – 4.11 ml/g; 50% ethanol – 3.89 ml/g; 70% ethanol – 3.55 ml/g; 90% ethanol – 2.71 ml/g.

The obtained data will be used in the technological process in the production of extraction preparations based on the roots and rhizomes of Inula helenium L.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The authors are grateful to the management and staff of the School of Pharmacy NCJSC Karaganda Medical University for the opportunity to conduct studies.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The Authors Declare no Conflict of Interest.

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Received on 12.01.2025 Revised on 16.05.2025

Accepted on 28.07.2025 Published on 01.10.2025

Available online from October 04, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(10):4810-4814.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00693

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